Contents

Chapter 1
Shift Happens! Composting Toilet Systems Emerge as Viable Wastewater Alternatives 1

Chapter 2
The Big Picture: Managing Wastewater Sustainably 9
Better Ways Emerging: From Disposal to Utilization ¥ A New Design Protocol for Better Water Eco-Nomics

Chapter 3
What Is a Composting Toilet System and How Does It Compost? 15 General Types of Composting Toilet Systems ¥ The Cast of Characters in a Composting Toilet System ¥ What Is Composting? ¥ Success Factors for Composting Toilet Systems ¥ Pathogens ¥ Vectors and Insects ¥ The Elements of Human Excrement

Chapter 4
Choosing and Planning a Composting Toilet System 31 Local Regulations, Performance, Lifestyle ¥ Installation Considerations ¥ Keeping It Warm ¥ Ventilation and Exhaust ¥ Toilet Stool Considerations ¥ Capacity Issues ¥ Cost ¥ Leachate ¥ Urine Management

Chapter 5
Installing Your System 47 General Installation Guidelines ¥ Installing the Components

Chapter 6
Operating and Maintaining Your Composting Toilet System 53 Starting Up Your Composter ¥ Additives for Composting Toilets ¥ Earthworms ¥ Controlling Insects ¥ What Do You Do With It? ¥ Regular Maintenance Steps ¥ Troubleshooting ¥ DoÔs and DonÔts

Chapter 7
The Systems Some Manufactured Systems, Site-Built Designs and Toilet Stools 69 Manufactured Composting Toilet Systems ¥ Site-Built Composting Toilet Systems ¥ Other Systems and Accessories ¥ Toilet Stools for Your Composting Toilet System

Chapter 8
Composting Toilets at Work 125 Profiles of Owners and Operators ¥ Composting Toilets in Development Programs

Chapter 9
What About Graywater? 167 Know Your Graywater ¥ Some Graywater Systems

Chapter 10
The Future of Composting Toilet Systems 195

General Resources 198

Glossary 199

State Regulations 202

Appendix 209
Water and Wastewater: The Origins of the Piped Society ¥ How Sewers and Septic Systems Pollute ¥ How to Choose an Ecological Wastewater System ¥ Sample Maintenance Contract ¥ And more...

Index 234

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